About This Journal
Horticultural Science and Technology (abbr. Hortic. Sci. Technol., herein ‘HST’; ISSN, 1226-8763), one of the two official journals of the Korean Society for Horticultural Science (KSHS), was launched in 1998 to provide scientific and professional publication on technology and sciences of horticultural area. As an international journal, HST is published in English and Korean, bimonthly on the last day of even number months, and indexed in ‘SCIE’, ‘SCOPUS’ and ‘CABI’. The HST is devoted for the publication of technical and academic papers and review articles on such arears as cultivation physiology, protected horticulture, postharvest technology, genetics and breeding, tissue culture and biotechnology, and other related to vegetables, fruit, ornamental, and herbal plants.
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Research Article
- Effects of Vermicompost Combined with Exogenous Silicon or Salicylic Acid on the Physiological and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Muskmelon Seedlings in Moderately Saline Soil
- Cheng-Cheng Zeng, Li-Rong Su, Fang Qin, Qin Li, Jin-Ping Chen, Tian-Ming Su, Yu-Mo Tan, Tie-Guang He
- Soil salinization has become a major obstacle to sustainable melon production, and single-measure approaches have failed to improve crop yields and quality …
- Soil salinization has become a major obstacle to sustainable melon production, and single-measure approaches have failed to improve crop yields and quality outcomes. In this study, we explore the effects and underlying mechanisms of a vermicompost (VC) treatment combined with silicon (Si) or salicylic acid (SA) on salt damage to muskmelon seedlings growing in moderately saline soil collected from a greenhouse. We evaluated the effects of four treatments: a control treatment (CK), 10% vermicompost (VC), 10% vermicompost combined with 0.04% Si (VC+Si), and 10% vermicompost combined with 100 µmol/L salicylic acid (VC+SA). We found that vermicompost could alleviate salt damage and that the combination of vermicompost with exogenous Si or SA could amplify this effect. Compared to CK, plant height and shoot biomass were both greater when vermicompost was applied in combination with SA or Si. A chlorophyll fluorescence analysis indicated that a VC treatment can reduce damage to the PSII reaction center caused by salt stress, whereas it did not have a significant effect on Fv/Fm, Fv'/Fm' or qP. The PSII activity increased significantly under VC+SA and VC+Si compared to CK. We did not measure significant differences in the stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2, or transpiration rate under VC relative to CK, but the VC+Si and VC+SA treatments increased the net photosynthetic rate and intercellular CO2. Superoxide anion and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were lower across all treatments relative to CK. Moreover, compared to VC, superoxide anion and MDA contents decreased significantly when VC was combined with Si or SA. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) activities increased significantly under the VC+SA treatment compared to the VC treatment group. Proline, soluble sugar and protein contents were higher in all treatment groups than in CK, with the highest values observed in the VC+SA treatment group. Combined with Si or SA, a VC treatment can profoundly strengthen salt tolerance and improve plant growth compared to the application of VC alone. - COLLAPSE
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Research Article
- Development of an Optimal Set of High-Resolution Melting Markers for the Identification of Nucellar and Zygotic Seedlings in Yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb. Ex Tanaka)
- Geonjoong Kim, Hyungwook Choe, Haneul Choi, Hyeonju Jeong, Sunggil Kim
- Yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb. Ex Tanaka) is primarily reproduced through nucellar embryony, a type of apomixis. To assess the frequency of …
- Yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb. Ex Tanaka) is primarily reproduced through nucellar embryony, a type of apomixis. To assess the frequency of zygotic seedlings resulting from normal self-fertilization and to select desirable zygotic seedlings, 837 yuzu seeds were germinated. Out of these seeds, 707 produced seedlings, with multiple seedlings emerging from 244 of them. A total of 973 seedlings were analyzed using ten high-resolution melting (HRM) markers showing heterozygous genotypes in three mother plants of the seedlings. As a result, 197 zygotic seedlings with at least one homozygous genotype were identified. The zygotic origins of these 197 seedlings were confirmed through an analysis of an additional eleven HRM markers, including one for genotyping the CitRWP gene responsible for nucellar embryony. Sixty-one zygotic seedlings were devoid of the mutant CitRWP allele. Significant segregation distortions were observed in twelve out of the 21 HRM markers. In particular, one of two alternate homozygous genotypes was completely absent in the YH471 marker, indicating the presence of lethal alleles. The construction of a linkage map using the 21 HRM markers resulted in nine independent linkage groups. Based on the linkage relationship and the presence of segregation distortions, an optimal set of six HRM markers was ultimately selected for the efficient identification of zygotic seedlings in yuzu. - COLLAPSE
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Research Article
- Comparison of Mid-Winter Cold Hardiness in the Bud and Cane Tissues of 24 Grape Cultivars Based on Low-Temperature Exotherm and Electrolyte Leakage Analyses
- Sung Hoon Jun, Duk Jun Yu, Dongjun Im, Youn Young Hur, Hee Jae Lee
- Mid-winter low temperatures increase the susceptibility to cold injury and thus limit the geographical distribution of some grape cultivars. In this study, …
- Mid-winter low temperatures increase the susceptibility to cold injury and thus limit the geographical distribution of some grape cultivars. In this study, mid-winter cold hardiness levels in the bud and cane tissues of 24 grape cultivars were estimated by means of a low-temperature exotherm (LTE) analysis and an electrolyte leakage (EL) analysis, respectively. Based on the cold hardiness estimates, the 24 cultivars were classified into five groups: very cold-sensitive, cold sensitive, moderately cold-hardy, cold-hardy, and very cold-hardy. Generally, Vitis interspecific hybrid cultivars could withstand cold better than V. vinifera cultivars in both tissues. According to the LTEs of the bud tissues, V. vinifera ‘Autumn Black’, ‘Hongju Seedless’, and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ were very cold-sensitive, while the interspecific hybrid ‘Cheongsoo’, ‘Muscat Bailey A’, ‘Shiny Star’, and V. vinifera ‘Greaca’ were very cold-hardy. According to the median lethal temperature (LT50) values of cane tissues determined by the EL analysis, V. vinifera ‘Emerald Seedless’, ‘IFG6’, ‘Autumn Black’, and the interspecific hybrid ‘Shooting Star’ were very cold-sensitive, while the interspecific hybrid ‘Ageude’, ‘Shine Muscat’, ‘Beta’, and ‘Campbell Early’ were very cold-hardy. However, some grape cultivars exhibited different cold hardiness levels by tissue type regardless of their parentage. The bud and cane tissues of V. vinifera ‘Greaca’ and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, respectively, were relatively cold-hardy. Based on the combined cold hardiness estimates of both tissues, ‘Autumn Black’ could be classified as very cold-sensitive, while ‘Shiny Star’ and ‘Cheongsoo’ were relatively more able to withstand cold compared to the other cultivars. These results will help establish cultural and breeding strategies to overcome freezing stress on grapevines. - COLLAPSE
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Research Article
- Cytogenetic Analysis of Cantaloupe, Netted, and Hami Melons
- Deen Mohammad Deepo, Yun-Jae Ahn, Eung-Kyoo Choi, Un-Sun Hwang, Hong-Yul Kim, Ki-Byung Lim
- Chromosome identification is essential in cytogenetic studies. Knowledge about cytogenetic traits, genome sizes, and nuclear DNA content determination is required in modern …
- Chromosome identification is essential in cytogenetic studies. Knowledge about cytogenetic traits, genome sizes, and nuclear DNA content determination is required in modern plant breeding. This study’s objective was to examine the chromosome count, chromosomal karyomorphological features, 5S and 18S rDNA loci distribution, chromosome length, centromere positions, genome sizes, and the 2C-DNA content of cantaloupe, netted, and Hami melons. The three melon varieties had 24 chromosomes each, and the total chromosome lengths were 28.5, 34.05, and 35.02 µm for cantaloupe, netted, and Hami melons, respectively. Fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed that the three varieties had two 5S rDNA loci, cantaloupe and Hami melons had four 18S rDNA loci, and the netted melon had six 18S rDNA loci. The 2C DNA content of three melons was confirmed by flow cytometry. The estimated DNA contents were 1.15 pg, 1.18 pg, and 1.11 pg for cantaloupe, netted and Hami melon respectively. This study’s findings will inform further cytogenetic studies of the examined melon varieties and facilitate improved breeding programs. - COLLAPSE
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Research Article
- Detection of Tipburn Stress on Lettuce Grown in a Plant Factory using Artificial Intelligence (AI) Models
- K.P.S. Kumaratenna, Young-Yeol Cho
- Lettuce grown in plant factories in fully controlled environments is susceptible to tipburn, a physiological disorder. A crucial factor influencing indoor plant …
- Lettuce grown in plant factories in fully controlled environments is susceptible to tipburn, a physiological disorder. A crucial factor influencing indoor plant growth is the ability to modify the growing environment to accelerate crop growth. However, tipburn is exacerbated by the rapid growth process, especially in lettuce. This paper presents an automated method by which to detect tipburn in lettuce grown in a plant factory using deep-learning-based Python and Orange 3 with the objective of finding the optimal model for classifying images of tipburn and healthy leaves. Tipburn lettuce images were captured after transplantation. In Python, 26 different models were used, whereas the Inception V3 model was applied in Orange 3 to assess the degree of accuracy. In total, 447 images were used for training with multiple neural network models. To train all of the models, 447 class datasets, 50 epochs, 32 batch sizes, the Adam optimizer, and a learning rate of 0.001 were used in the Python neural network models, whereas in Orange 3, the Adam solver, the rectified linear unit function (ReLU) activation function, 100 neurons in hidden layers, a maximum of 200 iterations in the neural network, and 0.0001 regularizations were applied. The highest accuracy of the models was detected when Python was used. In Python, MobileNetV2 exhibited the highest accuracy (0.933), followed by DenseNet169 (0.911), DenseNet121 (0.900), InceptionResNetV2 (0.900), and MobileNet (0.900). However, MobileNet exhibited the shortest training time of 758.36 seconds, whereas MobileNetV2 required 758.36 seconds. In addition, the precision of the Orange 3 Inception V3 model was 0.862, which was less accurate than that of the Python MobileNetV2 model. The F1 and recall scores of Inception V3 for Orange 3 were 0.865 and 0.873, respectively. Therefore, the detection of lettuce tipburn grown in a plant factory can be achieved using MobileNetV2 with reliable overall accuracy. The early detection of tipburn is beneficial for growers to manipulate controlled environmental parameters to improve the freshness of lettuce grown in plant factories. - COLLAPSE
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Research Article
- Potential Impact of Gibberellin Inhibitors on Flowering Bud Differentiation and Metabolite Dynamics in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Irwin
- Jinwook Kim, Pandiyan Muthuramalingam, Yeonju Park, Yunji Shin, Sangmin Jung, Kyoungmi Park, Mi Geon Cheon, Hyunsuk Shin
- Rising global air temperatures have led to the increased greenhouse cultivation of mango (Mangifera indica L.), particularly in southern South Korea. …
- Rising global air temperatures have led to the increased greenhouse cultivation of mango (Mangifera indica L.), particularly in southern South Korea. However, excessive vegetative growth in mango trees hinders reproductive growth and fruit production, posing a challenge for greenhouse farming. High gibberellins (GAs) levels during flower bud differentiation can hamper the process, reducing flowering and fruiting. This pilot study investigated the effects of paclobutrazol (PBZ) and prohexadione-calcium (Pro-Ca), known inhibitors of GA, on flower bud differentiation and panicle development in mango trees grown under greenhouse conditions. Two treatment groups were established: PBZ once and twice (1,500 ppm in 22.9% suspension concentrate), and Pro-Ca once and twice (500 ppm in 20% suspension concentrate). Treatments were applied in July of 2022 after shoot hardening following summer pruning, coinciding with the flower bud differentiation induction period (mid-November 2022 to mid-January 2023). During this period, the average temperature and average relative humidity were 13.4°C and 62%, respectively. Reproductive growth changes were observed through seven stages. The PBZ once and twice treatments reached stage 2 (floral bud initiation) most rapidly, followed by Pro-Ca once and twice, and the control group, all within four days. Notably, there were no significant differences in fruiting between the treatments and control. Regarding panicle characteristics, PBZ twice produced the longest panicles, while Pro-Ca twice yielded the shortest. However, the panicle width remained similar across all groups. The findings suggest that the PBZ twice, Pro-Ca once and Pro-Ca twice treatments effectively promote flower bud differentiation and improve panicle quality based on growth characteristics. Furthermore, a subsequent GC-MS analysis and heatmap profiling found that eight key metabolites were present in all samples, including the control and treatment groups, all of which being involved in the mango flowering responses. Overall, GA inhibitors showed promising effects on the transition to flower bud differentiation induction. - COLLAPSE
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Research Article
- Threshold of Low Light for Growth Performance in Two Korean Endemic Hosta Species, H. minor and H. yingeri
- Min Ji Kim, Wan Soon Kim
- Hosta plants are renowned for their ornamental foliage, particularly in environments with limited sunlight. The present study aimed to ascertain the critical …
- Hosta plants are renowned for their ornamental foliage, particularly in environments with limited sunlight. The present study aimed to ascertain the critical threshold of low light for growth persistence in two Korean endemic hostas, H. minor and H. yingeri, with a view to assessing their suitability for diverse horticultural settings. Plants were exposed to low-light conditions for 12 weeks at light intensity levels of 10, 30, and 50 µmol·m-2·s-1 PPFD (designated as L10, L30, and L50, respectively). Growth persistence, as measured by growth responses in both species, was not achieved at the lowest light intensity (L10) but was observed at L30 or L50. The initial leaf number and shoot biomass outcomes were reduced by an average of 37.3% and 44.3%, respectively, at L10 for both species during the experiment. However, light intensities above L30 had a positive effect on the growth of both species with ornamental value. The capacity for photo-physiological plasticity, as evidenced by photosynthetic performance under low-light conditions, was observed to be greater in H. minor than in H. yingeri. Nevertheless, both species exhibited photosystem integrity maintenance when the light exceeded L10. It can thus be concluded that the light intensity range of L10 to L30 represents the critical threshold for growth persistence in both species. - COLLAPSE
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Research Article
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Development of SSRs to Identify Self-fertilized and Nucellar Seedlings in Common Trifoliate Orange and Flying Dragon
일반 탱자 및 ‘비룡’ 탱자에서 자가수정 및 주심배 유래의 구분 SSR 선발
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Sung Yeon Kim, Eun Ui Oh, Ho Bang Kim, Kwan Jeong Song
김성연, 오은의, 김호방, 송관정
- Most citrus rootstocks in Korea are seedlings of trifoliate orange. They are mainly known to have a nucellar origin, but at a …
국내 감귤 대목으로는 거의 대부분 탱자 실생묘를 사용하고 있다. 탱자 실생묘는 대부분 주심배 유래이고, 자가수정 유래가 낮은 비율로 혼재되어 있으나 육안 구별은 …
- Most citrus rootstocks in Korea are seedlings of trifoliate orange. They are mainly known to have a nucellar origin, but at a low rate, those with self-fertilized origins are mixed in, and it is difficult to distinguish between the two types visually. If some self-fertilized seedlings are thus mixed, nonuniformity of citrus planting stocks would appear. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the frequency of self-fertilized seedlings and the uniformity of seedlings using with DNA markers that identify nucellar and self-fertilized seedlings in trifoliate oranges. Twenty SSRs were selected and determined to be heterozygous in the twisted ‘Flying Dragon’ (Poncirus trifoliata cv. Flying Dragon) and homozygous in the straight ‘Flying Dragon’, originating from self-fertilization. A total of seven representative SSRs, capable of double checking in a single plant, were finally selected. As a result of an origin analysis by applying the selected SSRs to a common population of trifoliate oranges, more of those with self-fertilized origins were detected from small plants than large plants when two seedlings were grown from one seed. In particular, the largest plant did not have a self-fertilized origin when several plants were grown from one seed sown in vitro. Also, when the frequency of self-fertilized seedlings was evaluated during the first year and second year in a nursery, a self-fertilized origin was detected at a rate of 4.0% in large seedlings and 26% in small seedlings in the first year after sowing. Plants with poor growth were rogued and degenerated in the second year after sowing, and their self-fertilized origins were detected at a rate of 5.5%. The results here suggests that the selected SSR markers would be helpful to improve the uniformity of the production of citrus planting stocks and would enable the detection of nonuniform growth in citrus plants.
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국내 감귤 대목으로는 거의 대부분 탱자 실생묘를 사용하고 있다. 탱자 실생묘는 대부분 주심배 유래이고, 자가수정 유래가 낮은 비율로 혼재되어 있으나 육안 구별은 거의 불가능하다. 자가수정 유래의 탱자묘가 일부 혼재하게 되면 감귤 묘목의 불균일성이 나타나게 된다. 그러므로 탱자 실생묘에서 자가수정 및 주심배 유래를 구분하는 SSR 선발을 통해 자가수정 유래의 빈도를 평가하고 묘목의 균일성을 높이는데 활용하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 뒤틀림 외형에서 이형접합체로, 그리고 자가수정 유래의 비뒤틀림 외형에서는 동형접합체로 나타내는 SSR 20개를 선발하였으며, 이 중 한 개체에서 2개이상 확인 가능한 7개를 최종 선발하였다. 선발된 SSR을 일반 탱자에 적용하여 유래 분석을 실시한 결과, 한 종자에서 두 개의 묘가 발생했을 때 큰 식물체보다 작은 식물체에서 더 많은 자가수정 유래가 확인됐으며, 기내파종되어 여러 개체를 발생시켰을 때 가장 큰 개체에서는 자가수정이 확인되지 않았다. 한편 육묘장의 파종 1년차 실생 집단 중 키가 큰 실생묘에서는 4.0%, 작은 실생묘에서는 26.0%로 자가수정 유래가 확인되었다. 생육이 불량한 개체를 분리 도태시킨 파종 2년차 정식 집단에서는 자가수정이 6.6%의 비율로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 선발된 SSR을 활용하면 감귤 묘목 생산의 균일성을 높임은 물론 감귤에서 생육이 불균일한 개체에서 자가수정 유래 탱자 대목의 영향 여부에 대해 확인이 가능하게 될 것이다.
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Development of SSRs to Identify Self-fertilized and Nucellar Seedlings in Common Trifoliate Orange and Flying Dragon
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Research Article
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Development of Gene-based Markers for capsanthin-capsorubin synthase and zeaxanthin epoxidase Genes to Distinguish Fruit Colors in Paprika (Capsicum annuum L.)
파프리카에서 과색 구분용 capsanthin-capsorubin synthase 및 zeaxanthin epoxidase 유전자 기반 분자표지 개발
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Kang Min Lee, Jong-Suk Park, Ye-Ji Hong, Jundae Lee
이강민, 박종숙, 홍예지, 이준대
- The fruit color of paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the main traits influencing consumers. Paprika fruit colors include red, …
파프리카에서 과색은 수요에 영향을 미치는 중요한 형질 중의 하나이다. 빨간색, 노란색, 주황색의 파프리카 과색은 다양한 카로티노이드의 축적되는 함량에 의해 결정된다. 본 연구에서는 …
- The fruit color of paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the main traits influencing consumers. Paprika fruit colors include red, yellow, and orange based on the different carotenoid contents. In this study, we aimed to develop gene-based markers to distinguish among three fruit colors, in this case red, yellow, and orange, by identifying genetic variations among the carotenoid biosynthesis genes in paprika. Four candidate genes, phytoene synthase (PSY), β-carotene hydroxylase (BCH), zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP), and capsanthin-capsorubin synthase (CCS), were selected, and the gene sequences were obtained from the NCBI database. The genes were sequenced and the genetic variations were uncovered using four red (KNMR, 19BR201, Sirocco, and GINA), three yellow (KNMY, Volante, and Romance Gold), and three orange (KNMOR, DSP7054, and ARO-50R) cultivars. Gene variations depending on the fruit color were detected in CCS and ZEP genes. Red paprika fruits contained the normal CCS gene (Ccs allele), while yellow and orange paprika fruits contained the non-functional deleted CCS gene (ccs allele). One base substitution was found in the ZEP gene. Yellow paprika fruits contained the A base of the SNP (functional Zep allele), while orange paprika fruits contained the G base of the SNP (non-functional zep allele). Red paprika fruits had the A or G base of the SNP. Two codominant high-resolution melting (HRM) markers, CCS-indel-HRM and ZEP1.2-SNP-HRM, were developed using the detected genetic variations of a large indel and a SNP, respectively. The markers were tested in 44 F1 cultivars, 31 inbred lines, two F2 populations consisting of 31 and 79 individuals, and 380 germplasms. It was found that red paprika fruits had the Ccs/Ccs or Ccs/ccs genotype regardless of the ZEP genotype, while yellow paprika fruits had the ccs/ccs and Zep/_ genotypes and orange paprika fruits had the ccs/ccs and zep/zep genotypes. The fruit color predictions with the markers were perfectly matched with the fruit color phenotypes, indicating that these markers can be useful for developing new red, yellow, or orange paprika varieties.
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파프리카에서 과색은 수요에 영향을 미치는 중요한 형질 중의 하나이다. 빨간색, 노란색, 주황색의 파프리카 과색은 다양한 카로티노이드의 축적되는 함량에 의해 결정된다. 본 연구에서는 카로티노이드 생합성 관련 유전자의 변이를 탐색하여 파프리카의 과색을 구분할 수 있는 분자표지를 개발하고자 하였다. 카로티노이드 생합성 유전자 중 후보 유전자로 phytoene synthase(PSY), β-carotene hydroxylase(BCH), zeaxanthin epoxidase(ZEP), capsanthin-capsorubin synthase(CCS) 유전자를 선발하여 NCBI 데이터베이스에서 유전자 서열을 확보하였다. 빨간색 파프리카 4개 품종(KNMR, 19BR201, Sirocco, GINA), 노란색 파프리카 3개 품종(KNMY, Volante, Romance Gold), 주황색 파프리카 3개 품종(KNMOR, DSP7054, ARO-50R)을 이용하여 각 유전자의 염기서열을 해독하였고 유전자 변이를 탐색하였다. 그 결과, CCS와 ZEP 유전자에서 유전변이를 탐색하였다. 빨간색 파프리카의 CCS 유전자는 정상(정상 Ccs 대립유전자)이었고, 노란색과 주황색 파프리카의 CCS 유전자에서 결실 부위를 가지고(돌연변이 ccs 대립유전자) 있었다. ZEP 유전자에서는 한 개의 SNP(A/G)를 확인하였는데, A 염기인 경우(정상 Zep 대립유전자)는 노란색이었고, G 염기인 경우(돌연변이 zep 대립유전자)는 주황색이었다. 빨간색 파프리카의 경우 A 또는 G 염기 다 나타났다. CCS 유전자의 결실 부위를 이용하여 CCS-indel-HRM 분자표지를 개발하였고, ZEP 유전자의 SNP를 이용하여 ZEP1.2-SNP-HRM 분자표지를 개발하였다. 분자표지의 적용성을 검정하기 위하여 다양한 파프리카 재료에 개발된 분자표지를 분석하였다. 그 결과 Ccs/Ccs 또는 Ccs/ccs 유전자형을 가질 경우 ZEP 유전자형이 어떤 것이든 상관없이 빨간색 파프리카로 나타났다. ccs/ccs 유전자형인 경우 노란색과 주황색이 나타났는데, ZEP 유전자에서 Zep/Zep 또는 Zep/zep 유전자형인 경우에는 노란색, zep/zep 유전자형인 경우에는 주황색으로 나타났다. 분자표지를 통하여 예측한 과색과 실제 과색 표현형이 완전히 일치하였기 때문에, 본 연구에서 개발된 분자표지는 향후 새로운 빨간색, 노란색, 주황색 파프리카 품종을 육성할 때 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.
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Development of Gene-based Markers for capsanthin-capsorubin synthase and zeaxanthin epoxidase Genes to Distinguish Fruit Colors in Paprika (Capsicum annuum L.)
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Research Article
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Tomato Growth and Physicochemical Characteristics of the Substrate using By-products of Oak Bark for Hydroponic Cultivation
참나무 수피 부산물을 이용한 수경재배 배지의 이화학성 및 토마토 생육
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Seoa Yoon, Yang-gyu Ku, Eunyoung Choi, Kiyoung Choi, Hocheol Kim, Baul Ko, Jonghyang Bae
윤서아, 구양규, 최은영, 최기영, 김호철, 고바울, 배종향
- This study aimed (1) to understand the physicochemical characteristics of the substrate by-product of oak bark and two hydroponic substrates, perlite and …
본 연구는 참나무 수피 부산물을 펄라이트, 코이어 더스트와 혼합하여 혼합비율에 따른 배지의 이화학성을 파악하고, 향후 토마토 수경재배 배지로 활용하고자 수행하였다. 배지의 종류는 …
- This study aimed (1) to understand the physicochemical characteristics of the substrate by-product of oak bark and two hydroponic substrates, perlite and coir dust, at different mixing ratios, and (2) to use this by-product as a tomato hydroponic cultivation substrate. The mixing ratios of perlite and coir dust to the by-product of oak bark on a volume basis were 10:20:70 (PCO127), 30:20:50 (PCO325), 50:20:30 (PCO523), 20:10:70 (PCO217), 20:30:50 (PCO235), and 20:70:10 (PCO271) using commercially available coir slab (dust:chip = 50:50(v/v)) as a control substrate. The particle size increased to 2.8–5.6 mm as the ratio of perlite was increased; however, there was also a decrease in the range of 355 µm–1.4 mm. The distribution of diameters with lengths of 5.6 mm or greater decreased as the coir dust ratio was increased and the oak bark by-product ratio was decreased, but the 2.8–5.6 mm diameter range increased. The bulk density was highest in PCO217 (0.22 mg∙m-3) mixed with oak bark and lowest in the control (0.12 mg∙m-3). The particle density was higher in PCO253 (1.22 mg∙m-3) and PCO127 (1.21 mg∙m-3), both of which had a higher ratio of coir dust and oak bark by-products, compared to, the other substrates, and the lowest was 0.69 mg∙m-3 in the control. For PCO325 and PCO523, the corresponding outcomes were 0.97 mg∙m-3 and 0.95 mg∙m-3, indicating that the particle density decreased as the content of perlite was increased. The bulk density was in the 80% range in the PCO127 and control cases, and the air space was in the proper range of 22.9–26.2% on all substrates except for the control and PCO253 cases. The container capacity exceeded 60% in the control, PCO127, and PCO253, specimens and was within the proper range. As a result of analyzing the pH, EC, and inorganic elements of the substrates, the pH was found to increase while EC, P2O5, and NH4-N tended to decrease as the perlite contents were increased and as the amounts of oak bark by-products were decreased. Conversely, as the content of coir dust increased and the mixing ratio of the oak bark by-products decreased, EC, P2O5, and NH4-N tended to increase. Additionally, NO3-N within the culture substrate decreased as the oak bark by-product ratio was decreased. Exchangeable cations (K, Ca, Na, Mg) remained unaffected by inorganic perlite. The K and Na contents increased as the coir dust ratio was increased. However, the Ca content decreased as the oak bark by-product ratio was decreased. As a result of comparing tomato growth characteristics, except for the leaf number, there were no statistically significant differences found among the plant heights, stem diameter Ⅰ outcomes (from 1 cm apart from the base), stem diameter Ⅱ outcomes (stem lower at the last flower cluster from the apical zone), the leaf and stem fresh weights and the dry weights by substrates. The fruit yield and weight were highest at 17.6 units and 3,996 g, respectively, in PCO253. The water supply for producing 200 g of fruit was lowest at 8.3 L in T4.
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본 연구는 참나무 수피 부산물을 펄라이트, 코이어 더스트와 혼합하여 혼합비율에 따른 배지의 이화학성을 파악하고, 향후 토마토 수경재배 배지로 활용하고자 수행하였다. 배지의 종류는 펄라이트, 코이어 더스트, 참나무 수피 부산물을 10:20:70(PCO127), 30:20:50(PCO325), 50:20:30(PCO523), 20:10:70(PCO217), 20:30:50(PCO235) 및 20:50:30(PCO253, v:v:v)로 혼합한 6처리와 시판되는 코이어 슬라브를 대조구(BioGrow, dust:chip = 50:50(v:v))로 총 7처리로 하였다. 배지별 입자분포는 펄라이트의 혼합비율이 높을수록 2.8–5.6mm 직경 비율이 늘어났으며, 355µm–1.4mm 직경 비율은 감소하였다. 코이어 더스트의 비율이 증가하고 참나무 수피 부산물의 비율이 감소할수록 5.6mm 이상의 분포는 감소하였으나 2.8–5.6mm 직경은 증가하였다. 용적밀도는 참나무 수피가 많이 혼합된 PCO217에서 가장 높았으며, 대조구에서 가장 낮았다. 입자밀도는 코이어 더스트와 참나무 수피 부산물의 비율이 높았던 PCO253과 PCO127이 다른 배지에 비해 높았다. 공극률은 PCO127과 대조구에서 80%대를 보였으며, 기상률은 대조구와 PCO253를 제외한 모든 배지에서 22.9–26.2%로 적정범위를 보였다. 용기용수량은 대조구, PCO127, PCO253에서 60% 이상으로 적정 범위에 해당하였다. 배지의 pH와 EC, 무기원소는 펄라이트 함량이 증가하고 참나무 수피 부산물의 양이 감소할수록 pH는 높아지고, EC와 P2O5, NH4-N은 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 반대로 코이어 더스트의 함량이 증가하고 참나무 수피 부산물의 혼합비율이 감소할수록 pH는 낮아지고, EC, P2O5, NH4-N는 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 배지 내 NO3-N은 참나무 수피 부산물의 비율이 감소할수록 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 치환성 양이온인 K, Ca, Na, Mg은 펄라이트에 영향을 거의 받지 않는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, K와 Na는 코이어 더스트의 함량이 증가할수록 증가하였다. Ca은 참나무 수피 부산물에 영향을 받아 참나무 수피 부산물의 비율이 감소할수록 Ca 함량이 떨어졌다. 토마토 생육 특성을 비교한 결과 엽수를 제외한 초장, 지상부 줄기 경경, 엽과 줄기의 생체중 건물중에서 배지별로 통계적 유의차가 없었다. 상품 과수와 과중은 PCO235에서 17.6개, 3,996g으로 가장 많고 무거웠으며, 과실 200g을 생산하기 위해 소요된 물량은 PCO217이 8.3L로 가장 적었다.
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Tomato Growth and Physicochemical Characteristics of the Substrate using By-products of Oak Bark for Hydroponic Cultivation