All Issue

2020 Vol.38, Issue 5 Preview Page

Research Article

Flowering and Photosynthetic Responses of Phalaenopsis under Elevated CO2 and Nutrient Supply
Ah Ram Cho1
,
Sun Hee Choi1
,
Yoon Jin Kim1*
1Department of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Seoul Women’s University
* Corresponding Author
31 October 2020. pp. 595-607
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

The demand for phalaenopsis has been increasing in areas including Thailand, Japan, and the United States. Increasing atmospheric CO2 during the night improves the productivity and quality of phalaenopsis flowers. Because nutrient requirements change under conditions of elevated CO2, the interactive effects of CO2 enrichment and nutrient supply require particular attention. Our study aimed to discover the effect of nutrient treatments on phalaenopsis using electrical conductivity (EC) when applying CO2 in the greenhouse. We investigated the flowering and photosynthetic responses of Phalaenopsis Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’ and ‘Jupiter’ in response to EC-based nutrients supplied with 1.0 (control) and 2.0 dS·m-1 and two levels of ambient and elevated CO2 (≈ 650 µmol·mol-1 CO2) for a period of 21 weeks of treatment (WOT). A longer first flower spike was produced in the plants exposed to EC 2.0 dS·m-1 than in those exposed to EC 1.0 dS·m-1 under elevated CO2, regardless of the phalaenopsis cultivar. Responses to CO2 and EC in the second flower spike length varied among phalaenopsis cultivars during 0 to 18 WOT; however, maximum second spike length was obtained with EC 2.0 dS·m-1 under elevated CO2 at 21 WOT in ‘Jupiter’. More visible flower buds and lateral branches were observed in plants exposed to EC 2.0 dS·m-1 under elevated CO2. The net CO2 assimilation rate showed significance with CO2 treatment, regardless of phalaenopsis cultivar. The most flowers were produced in the plants exposed to EC 2.0 dS·m-1 under ambient CO2 in both phalaenopsis cultivars, but water use efficiency, as well as potential yield, were the highest in plants exposed to EC 2.0 dS·m-1 under elevated CO2. We conclude that ≈ 650 µmol·mol-1 CO2 increased the flowering quality of phalaenopsis and recommend adjusting the nutrient concentration with an EC of 2.0 dS·m-1.

Keywords
bud initiation
carbon dioxide
lateral branch production
nutrient supply
orchid,
reproductive stage

References
1
Anthura (2017) Growing manual Phalaenopsis pot plants. https://www.anthura.nl/wp-content. Accessed 2 October 2019
2
Broberg MC, Högy P, Feng Z, Pleijel H (2019) Effects of elevated CO2 on wheat yield: non-linear response and relation to site productivity. Agron 9:243. doi:10.3390/agronomy9050243
10.3390/agronomy9050243
3
Cho AR, Chung SW, Kim YJ (2020) Flowering responses under elevated CO2 and graded nutrient supply in Phalaenopsis Queen Beer 'Mantefon'. Sci Hortic 273:Article 109602. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109602
10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109602
4
Cho AR, Song SJ, Chung SW, Kim YJ (2019) CO2 enrichment with higher light level improves flowering quality of Phalaenopsis Queen Beer 'Mantefon'. Sci Hortic 247:356-361. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2018.12.030
10.1016/j.scienta.2018.12.030
5
Drennan PM, Nobel PS (2000) Responses of CAM species to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Plant Cell Environ 23:767-781. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00588.x
10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00588.x
6
Farage PK, McKee IF, Long SP (1998) Does a low nitrogen supply necessarily lead to acclimation of photosynthesis to elevated CO2? Plant Physiol 118:573-580. doi:10.1104/pp.118.2.573
10.1104/pp.118.2.5739765543PMC34833
7
FloraHolland (2017) Annual report 2017: House plants. http://www. https://www.royalfloraholland.com/media/12324292/royal-floraholland-annual-report-2017-en.pdf. Accessed 28 Feb 2020
8
Frick J, Nielsen SS, Mitchell CA (1994) Yield and seed oil content response of dwarf, rapid-cycling Brassica to nitrogen treatments, planting density, and carbon dioxide enrichment. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 119:1137-1143. doi:10.21273/JASHS.119.6.1137
10.21273/JASHS.119.6.113711540952
9
Gouk SS, He J, Hew CS (1999) Changes in photosynthetic capability and carbohydrate production in an epiphytic CAM orchid plantlet exposed to super-elevated CO2. Environ Exp Bot, 41:219-230. doi:10.1016/S0098-8472(99)00006-4
10.1016/S0098-8472(99)00006-4
10
Grosscurt T (2017) Becoming the global market leader "The rise of the dutch Phalaenopsis cluster" (Masteral dissertation, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherland). Retrived from http://edepot.wur.nl/430137
11
He JS, Wolfe-Bellin KS, Bazzaz FA (2005) Leaf-level physiology, biomass, and reproduction of Phytolacca americana under conditions of elevated CO2 and altered temperatu reregimes. Int J Plant Sci 166:615-622. doi:10.1086/430196
10.1086/430196
12
Hew CS, Yong JWH (1994) Growth and photosynthesis of Oncidium 'Goldiana'. J Hortic Sci 69:809-819. doi:10.1080/14620316.1994.11516517
10.1080/14620316.1994.11516517
13
Hew CS, Yong JWH (1997) The physiology of tropical orchids in relation to the industry. World Scientific, Singapore, pp 331. doi:10.1142/3276
10.1142/3276
14
Hsiao HI, Chang CC, Wu CH (2015) Decision making factors for country-of-origin agriculture branding in international markets: the case of orchids in Taiwan. J Hortic 2:1-5. doi:10.4172/2376-0354.1000134
10.4172/2376-0354.1000134
15
Korea Agro-Fisheries & Food Trade Corporation (KAFFTC) (2016) Annual report of Korea Agro-Fisheries & Food Trade Corporation: The consumption pattern of crop and flower in 2016. http://www.at.or.kr/article/fmko342000/view.action?articleld=30113. Accessed 1 Aug 2019
16
Kang JG, van Iersel MW (2001) Interactions between temperature and fertilizer concentration affect growth of subirrigated petunias. J Plant Nutr 24:753-765. doi:10.1081/PLN-100103668
10.1081/PLN-100103668
17
Kang JG, van Iersel MW (2004) Nutrient solution concentration affects shoot: root ratio, leaf area ratio, and growth of subirrigated salvia (Salviasplendens). HortScience 39:49-54. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.39.1.49
10.21273/HORTSCI.39.1.49
18
Kim HJ, Cho AR, Park KS, Kim YJ (2017) Effect of CO2 enrichment on growth and flowering of Phalaenopsis. Hortic J 86:389-394. doi:10.2503/hortj.OKD-027
10.2503/hortj.OKD-027
19
Kläring HP, Schwarz D, Cierpinski W (1999) Control of concentration of nutrient solution in soiless growing systems, depending on greenhouse climate - advantages and limitations. Acta Hortic 507:133-140. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.1999.507.15
10.17660/ActaHortic.1999.507.15
20
Lee HB, Lee JH, An SK, Park JH, Kim KS (2019) Growth characteristics and flowering initiation of Phalaenopsis Queen Beer 'Mantefon' as affected by the daily light integral. Hortic Environ Biotech 60:637-645. doi:10.1007/s13580-019-00156-2
10.1007/s13580-019-00156-2
21
Lee HB, Lim SH, Lim NH, An SK, Kim KS (2018) Growth and CO2 exchange in young Phalaenopsis orchids grown under different levels of humidity during the vegetative period. Hortic Environ Biotech 59:37-43. doi:10.1007/s13580-018-0005-3
10.1007/s13580-018-0005-3
22
Lee SM, Lee YD, Kim SY, Kim CU, Park KS (2015) Study on GHP-based integrated energy generation system for horticulture. Kor Soc Agri Mach 20:393-394
23
Leishman MR, Sanbrooke KJ, Woodfin RM (1999) The effects of elevated CO2 and light environment on growth and reproductive performance of four annual species. New Phytol 144:455-462. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00544.x
10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00544.x
24
Prior SA, Runion GB, Mitchell RJ, Rogers HH, Amthor JS (1997) Effects of atmospheric CO2 on longleaf pine: productivity and allocation as influenced by nitrogen and water. Tree Physiol 17:397-405. doi:10.1093/treephys/17.6.397
10.1093/treephys/17.6.39714759848
25
Pritchard SG, Rogers HH, Prior SA, Peterson CM (1999) Elevated CO2 and plant structure: a review. Glob Change Biol 5:807-837. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00268.x
10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00268.x
26
Reddy KR, Zhao D (2005) Interactive effects of elevated CO2 and potassium deficiency on photosynthesis, growth, and biomass partitioning of cotton. Field Crops Res 94:201-213. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2005.01.004
10.1016/j.fcr.2005.01.004
27
Reddy VR, Reddy KR, Hodges HF (1995) Carbon dioxide enrichment and temperature effects on cotton canopy photosynthesis, transpiration, and water-use efficiency. Field Crops Res 41:13-23. doi:10.1016/0378-4290(94)00104-K
10.1016/0378-4290(94)00104-K
28
Rogers GS, Milham PJ, Gillings M, Conroy JP (1996) Sink strength may be the key to growth and nitrogen responses in N-deficient wheat at elevated CO2. Funct Plant Biol 23:253-264. doi:10.1071/PP9960253
10.1071/PP9960253
29
Rogers GS, Payne L, Milham P, Conroy J (1993) Nitrogen and phosphorus requirements of cotton and wheat under changing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Plant Soil 155:231-234. doi:10.1007/BF00025026
10.1007/BF00025026
30
Rusterholz HP, Erhardt A (1998) Effects of elevated CO2 on flowering phenology and nectar production of nectar plants important for butterflies of calcareous grasslands. Oecol 113:341-349. doi:10.1007/s004420050385
10.1007/s00442005038528307818
31
Saile-Mark M, Tevini M (1997) Effects of solar UV-B radiation on growth, flowering and yield of central and southern European bush bean cultivars (Phaseolusvulgaris L.). In J Rozema, WWC Gieskes, SC van de Geijn, C Nolan, H de Boois, eds, UV-B and Biosphere. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 114-125. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-5718-6_11
10.1007/978-94-011-5718-6_11
32
Sánchez-Guerrero MC, Lorenzo P, Medrano E, Baille A, Castilla N (2009) Effects of EC-based irrigation scheduling and CO2 enrichment on water use efficiency of a greenhouse cucumber crop. Agri Water Manag 96:429-436. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2008.09.001
10.1016/j.agwat.2008.09.001
33
Seneweera SP, Conroy JP (1997) Growth, grain yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in response to elevated CO2 and phosphorus nutrition. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 43:1131-1136. doi:10.1080/00380768.1997.11863730
10.1080/00380768.1997.11863730
34
Sonneveld C, Baas R, Nijssen HMC, de Hoog J (1999) Salt tolerance of flower crops grown in soilless culture. J Plant Nutr 22:1033-1048. doi:10.1080/01904169909365692
10.1080/01904169909365692
35
van Iersel MW, Bugbee B (2000) A multiple chamber, semicontinuous, crop carbon dioxide exchange system: design, calibration, and data interpretation. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 125:86-92. doi:10.21273/JASHS.125.1.86
10.21273/JASHS.125.1.8611762389
36
Wagner J, Lüscher A, Hillebranc C, Kobald B, Spitaler N, Larcher W (2008) Sexual reproduction of Loliumperenne L. and Trifolium repens L. under free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) at two levels of nitrogen application. Plant Cell Environ 24:957-965. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00740.x
10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00740.x
37
Wang YT (2007) Potassium nutrition affects Phalaenopsis growth and flowering. HortScience 42:1563-1567. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.42.7.1563
10.21273/HORTSCI.42.7.1563
38
Woodin S, Graham B, Kilick A, Skiba U, Cresser M (1992) Nutrient limitation of the long term response of heather [Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull] to CO2 enrichment. New Phytol1 22:635-642. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1992.tb00091.x
10.1111/j.1469-8137.1992.tb00091.x
39
Xu S, Zhu X, Li C, Ye Q (2014) Effects of CO2 enrichment on photosynthesis and growth in Gerberajamesonii. Sci Hortic 177:77-84. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2014.07.022
10.1016/j.scienta.2014.07.022
40
Yun DL, Kim HJ, Kim YJ (2018) CO2 enrichment increased leaf initiation and photosynthesis in Doritaenopsis Queen Beer 'Mantefon' orchids. Hortic Environ Biotech 59:159-165. doi:10.1007/s13580-018-0025-z
10.1007/s13580-018-0025-z
41
Zangerl AR, Bazzaz FA (1984) The response of plants to elevated CO2. Oecol 62:412-417. doi:10.1007/BF00384276
10.1007/BF0038427628310897
42
Zilkah S, Klein I, Feigenbaum S, Weinbaum SA (1987) Translocation of foliar-applied urea 15N to reproductive and vegetative sinks of avocado and its effect on initial fruit set. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 112:1061-1065
Information
  • Publisher :KOREAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE
  • Publisher(Ko) :원예과학기술지
  • Journal Title :Horticultural Science and Technology
  • Journal Title(Ko) :원예과학기술지
  • Volume : 38
  • No :5
  • Pages :595-607
  • Received Date : 2019-11-12
  • Revised Date : 2020-07-07
  • Accepted Date : 2020-07-21
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.7235/HORT.20200055
Journal Informaiton Horticultural Science and Technology Horticultural Science and Technology
Online Submission
  • scopus
  • NRF
  • KOFST
  • crossref crossmark
  • crossref cited-by
  • crosscheck
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close